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CO2 Mechanics Blog

Practical knowledge, tools, tips and techniques for developing and implementing innovative CO2-enabled clean manufacturing processes, products, and production lines.

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  • SUBJECTS

    • Forward

    • Scope and Objectives

    • The CO2 Backstory

    • History of CO2 Composite Spray

    • CO2 Processing Technology

    • CO2 Processing Units

    • Contamination Control

    • Manufacturing Waste Minimization

    • Environmental Health Worker Safety

    • CO2 Application Profiles

    • Clean Solution Innovation Process

    • CO2 Guy Presentations

  • CO2 DATA

    • CO2 Properties

    • CO2 Diagrams

    • CO2 Safety and Health Data

    • CO2 in the News

  • GLOSSARY

    • Technical Terms

    • Blog Icons

    • How to use this Blog

    • Copyright Notice

  • VIDEOS

    • Corporate Videos

    • Process Videos

    • Product Videos

  • AUTHOR

    • Author Bio

    • Dedications

    • Published Papers

CO2 Snow Cleaning

Cleaning Delicate Surfaces Using Sub-Micron Sized Solid Carbon Dioxide Particles Propelled by Gaseous Carbon Dioxide 

Cleaning Surfaces with Dry Ice

Cleaning delicate surfaces using sub-micron sized solid carbon dioxide particles propelled by gaseous carbon dioxide (i.e., “Snow” or “CO2 Aerosol Spray”) was first proposed by Dr. Stuart Hoenig (University of Arizona), in Hoenig, S.A., “Cleaning Surfaces with Dry Ice”, Compressed Air Magazine, August 1986, pp. 22-25 (Hoenig 1986).

Pellet Blast Cleaning

The First CO2 Spray Cleaning Process

Fong's (Lockheed Aircraft) Pellet Blast Process

During the 1970’s, Calvin Fong, Lockheed Aircraft Corporation, Burbank California, developed the very first surface cleaning process utilizing “sublimable particles” – solid carbon dioxide pellets – entrained in a compressed air stream. Shown in Fig. 1, the Fong invention is described in detail in U.S. Patent No. 4,038,786, “Sandblasting with pellets of material capable of sublimation”, August 1977 (Fong 1977).

History of CO2 Composite Spray Technology

The Short Story

CO2 Composite Spray Technology Development

CO2 Composite Spray™ technology can claim its beginnings going back to the late 1970’s with the introduction of Fong’s pellet blasting innovations when he was working for Lockheed Aircraft. CO2 pellet blasting employs a mixture of small (sublimable) solid CO2 pellets (used almost exclusively for food packing refrigeration) introduced into a compressed air stream to blast contaminated surfaces free of gross contamination.

Precision Cleaning for Historical Documents

ICPF Heritage Science Published Journal Article 2021 

Safe and Effective

ICPF Abstract (as published)

The cleaning of particles from smooth and rough paper surfaces using a high-speed CO2 snow jet was investigated. The measurements included characterization of the jet properties, determination of the cleaning efficiency, and evaluation of any possible adverse effects.

CO2 Processing Technology 2.2.3.2.3

Bondability

CO2 Technology Improves Bondability

A manufactured product may require component surfaces to be joined using methods such as gluing, welding, soldering, and coating. The ability of a surface to be cohesively or adhesively joined or bonded to another surface is termed bondability.

CO2 in the News 04.23.21

Perseverance rover converts CO2 into oxygen on Mars for the first time

MOXIE produced five grams of oxygen, equal to 10 minutes of breathable oxygen for astronaut carrying out normal activity

CO2 Processing Technology 2.2.3.2.2

Wettability

CO2 Improves Surface Wettability

A manufactured product may require component surfaces to provide fast and uniform spreading and contact of applied (liquids) adhesives, coatings, paints, sealants, underfills, or molten metals. The ability of surface to be wetted by another substance is termed wettability.

CO2 Application Profile

CO2 MQCL for Titanium Machining

Atmosphere. Optimized.

Introduction

The past century has witnessed significant advancements in cutting machines, cutting tools, machine controls, processing materials, and cooling-lubrication chemistries. However, surprisingly very little has changed with regards to the application of coolants and lubricants during machining – the machining atmosphere.

CO2 Processing Technology 2.2.3.2.1

Cleanability

CO2 Improves Surface Cleanliness in Different Ways

A manufactured product may require components to have a certain maximum level of surface contaminants such as particles and oils to enable wetting, bonding, or machining operations, or to enable assembly, testing, or functional performance of the product. The ability of surface to be cleaned to a pre-determined and desired cleanliness level, efficiently and without damage to the surface or product, is termed cleanability.

CO2 Processing Technology 2.2.3.2

Surface Transformations

CO2 Changes Surfaces in Different Ways

The most practical and unique aspect of COprocessing technology is its ability to transform the chemical and physical nature of a manufactured surface, selectively or non-selectively, and in many different ways. Example surface transformations include dirty-to-clean, hot-to-cool, low surface free energy-to-high surface free energy, high outgassing-to-low outgassing, and non-polar-to-polar.

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